December 2014 Māori Law Review

2014 Māori Land Court judgments – index

This table lists the 2014 judgments of the Māori Land Court and contains links to reports about the decisions.

For other years: 2010201120122013, 2015, 20162017, 20182019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023. For the 2014 Māori Appellate Court judgments index.

2014 Māori Land Court judgments

Judgment dateCitationMinute BookMLISLegislationSubject
2014
24.12.2014Bigham v Budd - Waiokura Marae and Reserves Trust331 Aotea MB 151331 AOT 151Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 239,338(7)Māori Reservation trustees
24.12.2014Kingi v Eru - Whakapoungakau 24111 Waiariki MB 20111 WAR 20Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 239Trusts
23.12.2014Joe Atama Adams Pomare Whanau Trust v Adams - Waiaua A1C93 Taitokerau MB 25393 TTK 253Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 19Interim Injunction
23.12.2014Hettig v ANZ Bank of New Zealand Ltd - Lot 1 Deposited Plan 15832893 Taitokerau MB 23893 TTK 238Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 19Interlocutory Injunction
22.12.2014Swanson - Waotu South C No 6B110 Waiariki MB 187110 WAR 187Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s135Status of land
19.12.2014Albert v Paeroa - Omaio 39110 Waiariki MB 119110 WAR 119Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s242Trusts
19.12.2014Gray - Mohaka A4 Trust36 Takitimu MB 25436 TKT 254Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 18,37,220,222, 231,237,238,239Trusts Appointment of Trustees
18.12.2014Opai - Kohatutaka 6A10D2C93 Taitokerau MB 693 TTK 6Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 289Partition
16.12.2014Trustees of Maungatautari 4G Sec IV Block v Maungatautari Ecological Island Trust90 Waikato Maniapoto MB 291-30090 WMN 291Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 19Interim Injunction
10.12.2014Hutchison - Torere 64 Inc109 Waiariki MB 260109 WAR 260Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s269(6)Incorporation
05.12.2014Pohatu v Muriwhenua Inc - Te Hapua 4291 Taitokerau MB 25191 TTK 251Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 18(1)(a)Determine Interests
05.12.2014Far North District Council v Maihi - Okahu 3B2B291 Taitokerau MB 28491 TTK 284Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 183Rates
05.12.2014Skudder - Tahorakuri A No 1 Sec 8B and Lot 1 DPSA 63822109 Waiariki MB 203109 WAR 203Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 135Change of status
02.12.2014Te Runanga o Ngati Awa v Paul - Otara o Muturangi (burial ground)2014 Chief Judges MB 6152014 CJ 615Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s45
02.12.2014McCallum v The Māori Trustee of Whanganui - Estate of Ngapiki Hakaraiaa 2014 Chief Judges MB 5412014 CJ 541Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s45
01.12.2014Trustees of Paenoa Te Akau trust v Taupo District Council108 Waiariki MB 261108 WAR 261Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 ss 18(1)(a),67,322,323Roadway
28.11.2014The Māori Trustee v O’Rorke – Pukekohatu 7B329 Aotea MB 79329 AOT 79Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 ss 215,222,241Trusts
25.11.2014Morris – Ngapini and Tarawa Trust328 Aotea MB 275328 AOT 275Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 ss 215,231,239,338/93Trusts
21.11.2014Fisher v Potroz - Mohakatino Parininihi N3A2 328 Aotea MB 225328 AOT 225Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 ss 43/93Rehearing
19.11.2014Moanaroa v Ruwhiu - The Kaiawhina Trust91 Taitokerau MB 2991 TTK 29Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 ss169,236
18.11.2014Kaka v Ruapehu District Council - Ohura South N2E1B328 Aotea MB 176328 AOT 176Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 43Rehearing
17.11.2014Rice - Part Rangiuru No 2A Roadway107 Waiariki MB 148107 WAR 148Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 18Ownership of road
12.11.2014Trustees of Te Waiti 2C2 v Allison - Te Waiti 2C2107 Waiariki MB 115107 WAR 115Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 ss 18(1)(d), 24Wrongly Placed Structure
03.11.2014Falwasser v Olsen - Matata Parish 6A107 Waiariki MB 74107 WAR 74Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 ss 19,231Review of Trust
31.10.2014Takimoana - Te Tii (Waitangi) B3 Ahu
Whenua Trust
90 Taitokerau MB 6790 TTK 67Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 ss 19, 18(1)(a)Injunction Equity Estoppel Laches, acquiescence
23.10.2014Pahi - Estate of Lucy Williams2014 Chief Judge's MB 4762014 CJ 476Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 45Chief Judge Application
15.10.2014MacDonald v MacDonald - Wairau Blk XII Sec 6C 2C Block27 Te Waipounamu MB 6827 TWP 68Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 289Partition
13.10.2014Māori Trustee v Forde - Section 186 Blk V Longwood Survey District27 Te Waipounamu MB 6527 TWP 65Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 326BLandlocked land
09.10.2014Larsen - Estate of Tanumi Reti88 Taitokerau MB 27388 TTK 273Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 43,133,239Rehearing Status of land Maintaining record of ownership of General land owned by Māori
09.10.2014Morrison - Te Kaha No 2C Block105 Waiariki MB 183105 WAR 183Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 289, 18(1)(a)Partition
09.10.2014Whaanga v Whaanga - Town Section 90 Mahia and Town Section 91 Mahia42 Tairawhiti MB 29242 TRW 292Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 18(1)(c ), 19(1)(a), 20(a),(d) 81 and 85Recovery of land
08.10.2014Graham - Waihou-Hutoia X Māori Reservation (Piki Te Aroha Marae)88 Taitokerau MB 25888 TTK 258Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 239, 338(7)Māori Reservation trustees
08.10.2014Moetara - Pakanae 2Y3A88 Taitokerau MB 24288 TTK 242Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 133,241Partial termation of trust, status of land
07.10.2014Wawatai - Estate of Te Raana Waiti88 Taitokerau MB 23388 TTK 233Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993, 118(6)Succession
03.10.2014Davis - Ahipara A8B88 Taitokerau MB 18688 TTK 186Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993, 328Occupation orders
03.10.2014Heta - Taiharuru 4C3B88 Taitokerau MB 13688 TTK 136Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993, 289Partition
03.10.2014McCarthy - Estate of Huia Maria McCarthy88 Taitokerau MB 11588 TTK 115Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993, 67
01.10.2014Māori Trustee v Ihaia - Omapere Taraire E & Rangihamama X3A (Aggregated)88 Taitokerau MB 988 TTK 9Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993, 18(1)(a),(b)Māori Trustee conversion fund shares
24.09.2014Trustees of Maungatautari 4G Sec IV Block v Maungatautari Ecological Island Trust86 Waikato Maniapoto MB 24886 WMN 248Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993, 19, 18(1)(a), 236, 237 Māori Reserves Act 1977, s 59AInterim Injunction Invitees Declaration of rights
24.09.2014Thompson - Hauai Ahu Whenua Trust87 Taitokerau MB 25887 TTK 258Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993, 306Cancellation of partition orders
23.09.2014Murray - Mahinepua B187 Taitokerau MB 22787 TTK 227Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993, 18,67Māori Reservation Determination of beneficiaries tikanga
18.09.2014Royal v Broughton - Muhunoa 3A1E1 Sub 8A Block (Kikopiri Marae Māori Reservation325 Aotea MB 250325 AOT 250Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 240Removal of trustees
16.09.2014Matchitt - Te Kaha 65104 Waiariki MB 145104 WAR 145Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993, 289,330Partition, occupation
12.09.2014Floyd v The Committee of Management of the Proprietors of Hauhungaroa 2C Block Incorporation325 Aotea MB 42325 AOT 42Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993, 280, 274AIncorporation Investigation
12.09.2014Slade - Parengarenga 3G87 Taitokerau MB 4687 TTK 46Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993, 238, 19Trusts Mareva Injunction
10.09.2014Trustees of Omaio 43 Section 4 Trust v Jaram - Omaio 43 section 4104 Waiariki MB 73104 WAR 73Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993, s 238, 330Trusts
09.09.2014Coast Law - Allotment 266A3C2 Waimana Parish Block103 Waiariki MB 270103 WAR 270Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993, s 131 , Māori Affairs Act 1953, s 2(2)(f)Determination of status of land
05.09.2014Hall v Opepe Farm Trust104 Waiariki MB 54104 WAR 54Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 79Costs, trustee indemnity, reimbursement, functus officio
03.09.2014Henry v Wood - Part Whakanekeneke 1B85 Taitokerau MB 17585 TTK 175Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 20, 19Recovery of land
03.09.2014Wairua - Maungaroa No.1 Section 2B Block103 Waiariki MB 133103 WAR 133Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993, s 328Occupation Order
29.08.2014Taueki v McMillan – Horowhenua 11 (Lake) Block324 Aotea MB 144324 AOT 144Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 338Māori Reservation Waahi Tapu
25.08.2014Waaka - Te Manawa o Tuhoe A Block103 Waiariki MB 2103 WAR 2Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 237Trustee powers
19.08.2014Tipene v Tipene - Motatau 2 s 49A4F85 Taitokerau MB 285 TTK 2Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 18(1)(a)Determination of ownership
18.08.2014Taylor - Estate of Waraena Taylor102 Waiariki MB 258102 WAR 258Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 43,113,118Rehearing, Succession - Whangai
18.08.2014Pene-Stevens - Puhatikotiko 2C2B2 & 2D41 Tairawhiti MB 21941 TRW 219Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 231,239Trusts - Review
07.08.2014Neho - Muriwhenua Inc84 Taitokerau MB 18984 TTK 189Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 269Incorporations
07.08.2014Smith - Taheke 284 Taitokerau MB 16684 TTK 166Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 18(1)(a),328Occupation Order, determination of ownership
07.08.2014Putataua Bay Holdings Ltd v Pere - Roadway Order Instrument 7895326.184 Taitokerau MB 22984 TTK 229Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 18(1)(a),(c ),19,24Injunction - interim injunction
07.08.2014Trustees of Kapenga H v Lidgard Farms Ltd101 Waiariki MB 267101 WAR 267Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 18(1)(a), 19Costs
06.08.2014Matthews v Matthews - Graham Ngahina Matthews323 Aotea MB 191323 AOT 191Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 164Vesting
05.08.2014Bennett - Estate of Ronald Clifford Bennett101 Waiariki MB 290101 WAR 290Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 115,118Succession - Whangai
04.08.2014Slade - Parengarenga 3G84 Taitokerau MB 13484 TTK 134Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 238Trusts - Enforce obligations
30.07.2014Lamberth – Heru Te Kaumaiwa Manning[2014] Chief Judge’s MB 3652014 CJ 365Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 43,113,118Rehearing
25.07.2014Eru v Kingi - Whakapoungakau 24101 Waiariki MB 1101 WAR 1Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993Trusts, Meeting
11.07.2014Bailey v The Māori Trustee - Te Riri A Te Hore 2322 Aotea MB 67322 AOT 67Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 18,231Joinder
11.07.2014Sanders - Parish of Whangape Lot 15B and Parish of Whangape Lot 15C (Urupa)81 Waikato Maniapoto MB 10981 WMN 109Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 160confirmation
07.07.2014Gemmell v Gemmell - Mohaka A4 Trust32 Takitimu MB 17432 TKT 174Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 79costs
04.07.2014Putataua Bay Holdings Ltd v Pere - Roadway Order Instrument 7895326.182 Taitokerau MB 13982 TKT 139Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 18(1)(a),(c ),19,24Injunction
03.07.2014Cotter v Puriri - Okaihau No 3C No 232 Takitimu MB 16832 TKT 168Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 239Trust
02.07.2014Graham - Parish of Komakorau Lot 240B 280 Waikato Maniapoto MB 26080 WMN 260Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 338Māori Reservation Unauthorised Burial
01.07.2014Mokena v Riwai Morgan Whanau Trust - Estate of Tamati Mokena2014 Chief Judge's MB 3142014 CJ 314Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 45CJ Powers
17.06.2014Scott – Erueti Te Karu2014 Chief Judge's MB 2602014 CJ 260Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 s 45CJ Powers
09.06.2014Nicholls v Trustee of the WT Nicholls Trust78 Waikato Maniapoto MB 10778 WMN 107Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 17,18,19(1)(a),20Provision of Information to the Court
05.06.2014Deputy Registrar – Orohaki 894B24 Te Waipounamu MB 29824 TWP 298Māori Affairs Act 1953 s 135Succession
30.05.2014Ruapehu District Council - Ohura South A3E2C3B2A Blk XIII Tuhua Survey District321 Aotea MB 95321 AOT 95Local Government Rating Act 2002 section 99Charging Order for Rates
30.05.2014Studer – Rangitaiki Allotment 28C197 Waiariki MB 29497 WAR 294Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 37,67,237Hapu Partition orders
30.05.2014Bennett v Proprietors of Waipiro A22B3 Incorporation – Waipiro A22B3 Block39 Tairawhiti MB 257Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 280Incorporation
27.05.2014Sigley - Te Tii (Waitangi) B3 trust80 Taitokerau MB 23380 TTK 233Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 239Appointment of Trustees
27.05.2014Eriha v Trustees of Kairakau Lands Trust - Kairakau Lands Trust32 Takitimu MB 8432 TKT 84Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993, 67,19,231Trusts - Harvesting of Trees
27.05.2014Gemmell v Gemmell - Mohaka A4 Trust32 Takitimu MB 6332 TKT 63Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993, 18,37,237,238Declaration of debt
22.05.2014Māori Trustee v Lidgard Farms Ltd - Kapenga H97 Waiariki MB 28297 WAR 282Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 18(1)(a)Ownership of dwelling
07.05.2014Manuirirangi v PKW - Waiokura Te Kauae319 Aotea MB 247319 AOT 247Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 79costs
05.05.2014Trustees of the Horina Nepia and Te Hiwi Piahana Whanau Trust v Ngati Tukorehe Tribal Committee and Tahamata Incorporation319 Aotea MB 238319 AOT 238Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 79costs
30.04.2014Allen – Poutu 2E4B179 Taitokerau MB 3979 TTK 39Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 322Access
30.04.2014Moeahu v Winitana - Waiwhetu Pa No 4319 Aotea MB 166319 AOT 166Māori Reservation Regulation r 21, Trustee Act 1956 s 73Conduct of Trustee
24.04.2014Moananui v Cape Kidnappers Station Ltd - Rangaika Native Reserve, Cape Kidnappers31 Takitimu MB 17931 TKT 179Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 131Status of land
24.04.2014Tawera v Tawera – Waitangi A1A2 Block39 Tairawhiti MB 4539 TRW 45Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 ss19,330,37(3),18(1)(a)Ownership of dwelling
17.04.2014Patu - Torere Section 5895 Waiariki MB 23095 WAR 230Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s  289Partition
17.04.2014Trustees of the Otonga Whanau Trust v The Trustee of the Matata Parish 39A2A Ahu Whenua Trust - Lot 39A Sec. 2A Parish of Matatā and Lot 39A Sec. 2B No. 2B No. 2A Parish of Matatā95 Waiariki MB 17695 WAR 176Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s  231,238,240Review of Trust - Claim for equitable remedies
16.04.2014Te Ohu Kaimoana Trustee Limited v Te Rūnanga Nui o Te Aupōuri 78 Taitokerau MB 11278 Taitokerau MB 11278 TTK 112Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 ss 26C and 26D Māori Fisheries Act ss 181 and 182(4)Fisheries
15.04.2014Sullivan v Sullivan-Teepa - Te Haroto 2B2B Trust31 Takitimu MB 13831 TKT 138Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 ss  220, 222, 231, 239Appointment of Trustee
14.04.2014Hata - Opape 3C3B95 Waiariki MB 6095 WAR 60Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s  328Occupation orders
10.04.2014Trustees of Te Reti B and C Block v Te Kura - Te Reti B and C Block74 Waikato Maniapoto MB 27774 WMN 277Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s  237Jurisdiction of Court re Equitable remedies
10.04.2014Jahnke - Waipiro MT Sec 5 Blk B38 Tairawhiti MB 27438 TRW 274Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 ss 328, 289Occupation Orders
07.04.2014Melrose - Torere Section 64 Inc94 Waiariki MB 2894 WAR 28Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 164Incorporation
31.03.2014Kauika-Stevens v Trustees of the Rangita318 Aotea MB 217318 AOT 217Māori Reservation Regulations 1994, Regulation 21Ownership of dwelling
31.03.2014The Property Group – Awapuni 1F338 Tairawhiti MB 20938 TRW 209Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 134Return of land taken for public works
27.03.2014Grace - Ngarara West A25B2A317 Aotea MB 268317 AOT 268Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 338Māori Reservation - Public Works Waahi tapu
25.03.2014Macfarlane v Trustees of the k & T MacFarlane Whanau Trust2014 Chief Judge's MB 1272014 CJ 127Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 45Succession
19.03.2014Dobson - Ahipara 2B4774 Taitokerau MB 13974 TTK 139Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 67,135Status of Land
17.03.2014Green v Trustees of Te Kou Tiaki and Tangi Ataahua Green Whanau Trust92 Waiariki MB 18392 WAR 183Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 241Partial termination of trust dismissed
17.03.2014Williams - Harataunga West 2B2B2B274 Waikato Maniapoto MB 674 WMN 6Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 59Preliminary appeal
17.03.2014Stebbing - Tauhara Middle 4A 2B 2C (Opepe Farm Trust)92 Waiariki MB 21892 WAR 218Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 222Appointment of trustees
12.03.2014Ngamoki-Cameron v Koopu - The Proprietors of Mangaroa & Other Blocks Inc91 Waiariki MB 27991 WAR 279Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 269(6)Incorporation
07.03.2014Nicholas - Estate of Robert Rawhiti Rangitakaiwaho Nicholas316 Aotea MB 187316 AOT 187Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 118Succession
07.03.2014Karaitiana v Carroll - Matahiwi No 4B, Waipuka 2R Sec 3 and Waipuka 3A3A29 Takitimu MB 21429 TKT 214Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 215Ahu Whenua Trust
06.03.2014Taniora – Te Koutu Mourea Māori Reservation91 Waiariki MB 17391 WAR 173Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 296,338Māori Reservation
06.03.2014Moses - Hopuruahine East and 12 other blocks37 Tairawhiti MB 23837 TRW 238Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 215Constitute ahu Whenua Trust
05.03.2014Akura Lands Trust v Te Whata -Akura 1C 3B 229 Takitimu MB 19929 TKT 199Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 18(1)(a) and 19Injunction and determination of ownership of a house
05.03.2014Tahata v Tahata - Ngawhakatutu A1A Incorporation37 Tairawhiti 12737 TRW 127Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 269 (4)Administration of blocks
20.02.2014Aupouri - Mabel Aupouri Whanau Trust37 Tairawhiti MB 9337 TRW 93Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 214Constitute whanau trust
17.02.2014Flight v Trustees Waipapa and Tokaanu Māori Lands Trust - Waipapa 1D2B3B316 Aotea MB 3316 AOT 3Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 18(1)(a), 296(4)Ownership of Dwelling
07.02.2014Hohaia - Ahipara 73B2A72 Taitokerau MB 5072 TTK 50Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 135Status of land
05.02.2014Kapa - Estates of Te Whakahau Hare and Ruka Paati72 Taitokerau MB 5472 TTK 54Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 239Removal of trustee
03.02.2014Subritzky – Mandoline Murray Whanau71 Taitokerau MB 10171 TTK 101Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 79Costs
03.02.2014Tito – Estate of Te Anga Whanga71 Taitokerau MB 9471 TTK 94Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 117Succession
28.01.2014Corrigan - Ngatihine H2B71 Taitokerau MB 7271 TTK 72Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 231Review of trust
24.01.2014Whooley - Ngaiotonga 1B1 and 2B1 Lots 1-2, and 3 DP38310571 Taitokerau MB 3871 TTK 38Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 310Access
24.01.2014Bhana v Paniora - Wairau North 1B2C71 Taitokerau MB 3571 TTK 35Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 328Occupation order
08.01.2014Trustees of the Horina Nepia and Te Hiwi Piahana Whanau Trust v Ngati Tukorehe Tribal Committee and Tahamata Incorporation314 Aotea MB 159314 AOT 159Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 s 18(1)(a)Determine ownership of Incorporation shares

Author: Elizabeth Derby

Elizabeth is studying at Waipapa Taumata Rau – the University of Auckland. She enjoys writing, and now editing, having followed law and social policy issues since secondary school.